I have been programming in C# for several years now, and recently made the switch to Java (at least for now). I noticed that Java, as a language, is “less magical” than C#.
What do I mean by that is that in C# things are usually done for you, behind the scenes, magically, while Java is much more explicit in the toolset it provides. For example, take thread-local storage. The concept is identical in both langauges – there is often a need for a copy of a member variable that’s unique to the current thread, so it can be used without any locks or fear of concurrency problems.
The implementation in C# is based on attributes. You basically take a static field, annotate it with [ThreadStatic], and that’s it:
[ThreadStatic]
private static ThreadUnsafeClass foo = null;
private ThreadUnsafeClass Foo
{
get
{
if (foo != null)
foo = new ThreadUnsafeClass(...);
// no other thread will have access to this copy of foo
// note - foo is still static, so it will be shared between instances of this class.
return foo;
}
}How does it work? Magic. Sure, one can find the implementation if he digs deep enough, but the first time I encountered it I just had to try it to make sure it actually works, because it seemed too mysterious.
Let’s take a look at Java’s equivalent, ThreadLocal. This is how it works (amusingly enough, from a documentation bug report):
public class SerialNum {
// The next serial number to be assigned
private static int nextSerialNum = 0;
private static ThreadLocal<Integer> serialNum = new ThreadLocal<Integer>() {
protected synchronized Integer initialValue() {
return new Integer(nextSerialNum++);
}
};
public static int get() {
return serialNum.get();
}
}No magic is involved here – get() gets the value from a map, stored on the calling Thread object (source code here, but the real beauty is that’s it’s available from inside your IDE without any special effort to install it).
Let’s look at another example – closures.
In C#, you can write this useful piece of code:
var list = new List<int>();
...
// find an element larger than 10
list.Find(x => x > 10);
You can also make this mistake:
var printers = new List<Action>();
...
foreach (var item in list)
{
printers.Add(() => Console.WriteLine(item));
}
Parallel.Foreach(printers, p => p())An innocent reader might think this prints all the items in list, but actually this only prints the last items list.Count times. This is how closures work. This happens because the item referred to in the closure is not a new copy of item, it’s actually the same item that’s being modified by the loop. A workaround is to add a new temporary variable like this:
foreach (var item in list)
{
int tempItem = item;
printers.add(() => Console.WriteLine(tempItem));
}And in Java? Instead of closures, one uses anonymous classes. In fact, this is how they are implemented under the hood in C#. Here the same example, in Java:
for (Integer item : list)
{
final int tempItem = item;
printers.add(new Action(){
public void doAction()
{
// can't reference item here because it's not final.
// this would have been a compilation error
// system.out.println(item);
System.out.println(tempItem);
});
}
...Notice it’s impossible to make the mistake and capture the loop variable instead of a copy of it, because Java requires it to be final. So … less powerful perhaps than C#, but more predictable. As a side note, Resharper catches the ill-advised capturing of local variables and warns about it.
I myself rather prefer the magic of C#, because it does save a lot of the trouble. Lambdas, properties, auto-typing variables… all these are so convenient it’s addictive. But I have to give Java a bit of credit, as the explicit way of doing stuff sometimes teaches you things that you just wouldn’t have learn cruising away in C# land.
